What does the prefix 'hyper-' mean? Give an example.	Above, excessive, or beyond normal. Examples: hypertension (high blood pressure), hyperglycaemia (high blood sugar), hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid).
What does the prefix 'hypo-' mean? Give an example.	Below, deficient, or under normal. Examples: hypotension (low blood pressure), hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar), hypothermia (low body temperature).
What does the prefix 'brady-' mean?	Slow. Examples: bradycardia (slow heart rate, under 60 bpm in adults), bradypnoea (slow breathing rate).
What does the prefix 'tachy-' mean?	Fast or rapid. Examples: tachycardia (fast heart rate, over 100 bpm in adults), tachypnoea (rapid breathing).
What does the prefix 'peri-' mean? Give an example.	Around or surrounding. Examples: pericardium (membrane around the heart), perinatal (around the time of birth), periosteum (membrane around bone).
What does the prefix 'endo-' mean? Give an example.	Within or inside. Examples: endocardium (inner lining of the heart), endoscopy (looking inside a body cavity), endometrium (inner lining of the uterus).
What does the prefix 'epi-' mean? Give an example.	Upon, on, or above. Examples: epidermis (outer layer of skin), epigastric (above the stomach), epidural (on top of the dura mater).
What does the prefix 'sub-' mean? Give an example.	Below or under. Examples: subcutaneous (below the skin), sublingual (under the tongue), subdural (below the dura mater).
What does the prefix 'intra-' mean and how does it differ from 'inter-'?	Intra- means within a single structure (intramuscular = within a muscle, intravenous = within a vein). Inter- means between structures (intercostal = between the ribs, intervertebral = between vertebrae).
What does the prefix 'poly-' mean? Give an example.	Many or much. Examples: polyuria (excessive urination), polydipsia (excessive thirst), polycystic (many cysts).
What does the prefix 'oligo-' mean? Give an example.	Few or scant. Examples: oliguria (low urine output), oligomenorrhoea (infrequent periods), oligodendrocyte (cell with few branches).
What does the suffix '-itis' mean? Give three examples.	Inflammation. Examples: appendicitis (inflammation of the appendix), tonsillitis (inflammation of the tonsils), arthritis (inflammation of a joint).
What does the suffix '-osis' mean? Give an example.	Abnormal condition or disease, often without inflammation. Examples: cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), psychosis (severe mental disorder), thrombosis (clot formation).
What does the suffix '-emia' (or '-aemia') mean? Give an example.	A condition of the blood. Examples: anaemia (low red blood cell count), leukaemia (cancer of white blood cells), hyperglycaemia (high blood sugar).
What does the suffix '-pathy' mean? Give an example.	Disease or disorder. Examples: cardiomyopathy (disease of heart muscle), neuropathy (disease of nerves), nephropathy (kidney disease).
What does the suffix '-algia' mean? Give an example.	Pain. Examples: neuralgia (nerve pain), myalgia (muscle pain), arthralgia (joint pain), gastralgia (stomach pain).
What does the suffix '-megaly' mean? Give an example.	Enlargement. Examples: hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), splenomegaly (enlarged spleen), cardiomegaly (enlarged heart).
What does the suffix '-ectomy' mean and how does it differ from '-otomy'?	-ectomy means surgical removal of an organ or structure (appendectomy = removal of appendix). -otomy means cutting into a structure without removing it (tracheotomy = cutting into the trachea to create an airway).
What does the suffix '-ostomy' mean? How does it differ from -ectomy and -otomy?	-ostomy means surgically creating a new opening, usually permanent (colostomy = opening between colon and abdominal wall). The trio: -otomy cuts in, -ostomy makes a new opening, -ectomy removes.
What does the suffix '-scopy' mean? Give an example.	Visual examination using a scope. Examples: colonoscopy (examination of the colon), endoscopy (examination of a body cavity), arthroscopy (examination of a joint).
What does the suffix '-gram' mean and how does it differ from '-graphy'?	-gram is the recording or image produced (electrocardiogram = ECG tracing). -graphy is the procedure that produces the recording (electrocardiography = the act of recording heart electrical activity).
What does the suffix '-plasty' mean? Give an example.	Surgical repair or reconstruction. Examples: angioplasty (repair of a blood vessel), rhinoplasty (nose reconstruction), arthroplasty (joint replacement).