What does the root 'cardi/o' refer to? Give two derived terms.	The heart. Derived terms: cardiology (study of the heart), cardiomyopathy (disease of heart muscle), electrocardiogram (recording of heart electrical activity), pericardium (membrane around the heart).
What does the root 'angi/o' or 'vas/o' refer to? Give an example.	Both refer to vessels (usually blood vessels). Examples: angiography (imaging of vessels), angioplasty (repair of a vessel), vasodilation (widening of vessels), vasoconstriction (narrowing of vessels).
What does the root 'haem/o' (or 'hem/o') refer to? Give two examples.	Blood. Examples: haematology (study of blood), haemorrhage (bleeding), haematoma (collection of clotted blood), haemoglobin (oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells).
What does the root 'pneum/o' or 'pulm/o' refer to? Give an example.	The lungs or air. Examples: pneumonia (lung infection), pneumothorax (air in the pleural cavity), pulmonary embolism (clot in the lung), pulmonologist (lung specialist).
What does the root 'bronch/o' refer to? Give an example.	The bronchi (airways branching from the trachea into the lungs). Examples: bronchitis (inflammation of the bronchi), bronchoscopy (visual examination of the airways), bronchodilator (drug that widens airways).
What does the root 'gastr/o' refer to? Give an example.	The stomach. Examples: gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining), gastroenterology (study of the stomach and intestines), gastrectomy (surgical removal of part or all of the stomach).
What does the root 'enter/o' refer to? How does it differ from 'col/o'?	Enter/o refers to the small intestine (enteritis = inflammation of the small intestine). Col/o refers specifically to the colon (large intestine), as in colonoscopy or colectomy. Gastroenteritis covers stomach and small intestine together.
What does the root 'hepat/o' refer to? Give two derived terms.	The liver. Derived terms: hepatitis (inflammation of the liver), hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), hepatology (study of the liver), hepatocellular (relating to liver cells).
What does the root 'chol/e' refer to? Give an example.	Bile or gall. Examples: cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder), cholecystectomy (removal of the gallbladder), cholelithiasis (gallstones), cholangiogram (imaging of the bile ducts).
What does the root 'nephr/o' or 'ren/o' refer to? Give an example.	Both refer to the kidney. Nephr/o is Greek (nephritis, nephrectomy, nephrology). Ren/o is Latin (renal artery, renal failure). Convention determines which is used in a given term.
What does the root 'cyst/o' refer to in urology? Give an example.	The urinary bladder (more broadly, a sac or pouch). Examples: cystitis (inflammation of the bladder), cystoscopy (visual exam of the bladder), cystectomy (surgical removal of the bladder).
What does the root 'pyel/o' refer to? Give an example.	The renal pelvis (the funnel-shaped collecting area inside the kidney). Examples: pyelonephritis (inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney), pyelogram (imaging of the renal pelvis).
What does the root 'neur/o' refer to? Give two derived terms.	Nerves or the nervous system. Derived terms: neurology (study of the nervous system), neuropathy (nerve disease), neuralgia (nerve pain), neurosurgery.
What does the root 'encephal/o' refer to? Give an example.	The brain. Examples: encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), encephalopathy (any disease of the brain), electroencephalogram (EEG, recording of brain electrical activity).
What does the root 'oste/o' refer to? Give two examples.	Bone. Examples: osteoporosis (porous, weakened bone), osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease), osteomyelitis (bone infection), osteoblast (bone-forming cell).
What does the root 'arthr/o' refer to? Give an example.	A joint. Examples: arthritis (joint inflammation), arthroscopy (visual examination of a joint), arthroplasty (joint replacement), arthralgia (joint pain).
What does the root 'my/o' refer to? Give an example.	Muscle. Examples: myocardium (heart muscle), myalgia (muscle pain), myositis (muscle inflammation), myopathy (muscle disease).
What does the root 'derm/o' or 'cutane/o' refer to?	Both refer to the skin. Derm/o is Greek (dermatology, dermatitis, epidermis). Cutane/o is Latin (subcutaneous = below the skin, percutaneous = through the skin).
What does the root 'onc/o' refer to? Give an example.	A tumour or mass (from Greek onkos). Examples: oncology (study and treatment of cancer), oncologist (cancer specialist), oncogene (gene that can cause cancer).
What does the root 'ophthalm/o' refer to and how does it differ from 'ot/o'?	Ophthalm/o refers to the eye (ophthalmology = study of the eye, ophthalmoscope = instrument for examining the eye). Ot/o refers to the ear (otitis = ear inflammation, otoscope = instrument for examining the ear). Otorhinolaryngology covers ear, nose, and throat.