What are the three stages of Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome?	Alarm reaction, resistance and exhaustion.
How does eustress differ from distress?	Eustress is positive, motivating stress (e.g., preparing for a race). Distress is stress that overwhelms your ability to cope and harms health.
What is the tend-and-befriend response?	A stress response, more common in women, of caring for others and seeking social support instead of fighting or fleeing (Shelley Taylor).
How does problem-focused coping differ from emotion-focused coping?	Problem-focused coping tackles the stressor directly. Emotion-focused coping manages your emotional reaction, often when the stressor cannot be changed.
What are adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)?	Potentially traumatic events in childhood, such as abuse, neglect or household dysfunction, that are linked to poorer physical and mental health in adulthood.
What is positive psychology?	The scientific study of human strengths and flourishing, such as well-being, gratitude and resilience, championed by Martin Seligman.
What is posttraumatic growth?	Positive psychological change, such as greater appreciation for life or closer relationships, that can follow a struggle with highly challenging circumstances.
Who led the move to more humane treatment of asylum patients in late 18th-century France?	Philippe Pinel, who removed patients' chains and argued for treating them with kindness.
What was deinstitutionalization?	The movement, from the mid-20th century and helped by antipsychotic drugs, to release patients from large psychiatric hospitals into community-based care.
What is the goal of psychodynamic therapy?	To increase self-insight by bringing unconscious conflicts, often rooted in childhood, into awareness, using techniques such as free association and interpretation.
What is transference in therapy?	A client redirecting feelings from other relationships, such as love or anger toward a parent, onto the therapist.
What is person-centered (client-centered) therapy?	Carl Rogers's humanistic therapy, in which the therapist uses active listening, genuineness and unconditional positive regard to help the client grow.
What is systematic desensitization?	A behavior therapy that pairs relaxation with gradually more anxiety-provoking stimuli, used to treat phobias (developed by Joseph Wolpe).
What is aversive conditioning?	A behavior therapy that pairs an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant state (e.g., a drug that causes nausea when alcohol is consumed).
What is a token economy?	An operant conditioning technique in which people earn tokens for desired behavior and exchange them for privileges or treats.
What is Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy?	A therapy, first developed for depression, that teaches people to identify and challenge automatic negative thoughts and distorted thinking.
What is rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)?	Albert Ellis's direct, confrontational therapy that challenges irrational beliefs, such as "I must be liked by everyone."
What is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)?	A widely used integrative therapy that changes self-defeating thinking and the behaviors that go with it.
What is dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)?	A CBT-based therapy developed by Marsha Linehan that combines acceptance and change strategies, first used for borderline personality disorder and self-harm.
What is the eclectic approach to therapy?	Drawing on techniques from several forms of therapy, depending on the client's problem.
What is the therapeutic alliance?	The bond of trust and mutual understanding between therapist and client, one of the strongest predictors of successful therapy.
How do SSRIs treat depression?	They block the reuptake of serotonin, leaving more of it available in the synapse.
How do antipsychotic drugs reduce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?	Mainly by blocking dopamine receptors. Long-term use of older antipsychotics can cause tardive dyskinesia, involuntary movements of the face and tongue.
Which medication is commonly used to stabilize mood in bipolar disorder?	Lithium.
What is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?	A treatment that passes a brief electric current through the brain of an anesthetized patient, used mainly for severe depression that has not responded to other treatment.