What is the DSM?	The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, which classifies disorders and lists criteria for diagnosing them (currently the DSM-5-TR).
What does the medical model of psychological disorders assume?	That disorders are illnesses with physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated and, in many cases, cured.
What does the biopsychosocial model propose about psychological disorders?	Disorders arise from interacting biological (genes, brain chemistry), psychological (stress, thinking patterns) and social-cultural (family, culture) factors.
What does the diathesis-stress model propose?	A predisposition (diathesis) to a disorder, combined with environmental stress, triggers the disorder.
What did David Rosenhan's pseudopatient study suggest about diagnostic labels?	Once healthy people were admitted with a diagnosis, staff interpreted their normal behavior as symptoms, showing how labels can bias perception.
What characterizes autism spectrum disorder?	Persistent difficulties with social communication and interaction, together with restricted, repetitive behaviors or interests, appearing in early childhood.
What characterizes attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?	Persistent inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity that interfere with functioning, beginning in childhood.
What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?	The presence of inappropriate behaviors, such as hallucinations, delusions and disorganized speech.
What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?	The absence of appropriate behaviors, such as flat affect, social withdrawal and lack of motivation.
What is the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia?	That schizophrenia involves overactive dopamine signaling, supported by the fact that drugs blocking dopamine receptors reduce positive symptoms.
What characterizes major depressive disorder?	At least two weeks of depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure, with other symptoms such as changes in sleep, appetite or energy and feelings of worthlessness.
What characterizes persistent depressive disorder?	A milder but chronic depressed mood that lasts for at least two years in adults.
How does bipolar I disorder differ from bipolar II disorder?	Bipolar I involves at least one full manic episode. Bipolar II involves major depressive episodes and less severe hypomanic episodes, but no full mania.
What characterizes generalized anxiety disorder?	Persistent, excessive and hard-to-control worry about many things, with tension and restlessness, lasting at least six months.
What characterizes panic disorder?	Repeated, unexpected panic attacks (minutes of intense fear with symptoms such as a racing heart and shortness of breath) and ongoing worry about having another.
What is a specific phobia?	An intense, irrational fear of a particular object or situation that leads to avoidance (e.g., fear of heights or spiders).
What characterizes obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?	Unwanted, repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) that are time-consuming or cause significant distress.
What characterizes posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?	Intrusive memories, nightmares, avoidance of reminders, negative mood and hypervigilance lasting more than a month after a traumatic event.
What is dissociative identity disorder?	A rare and debated disorder in which a person shows two or more distinct, alternating identities.
What is dissociative amnesia?	An inability to recall important personal information, usually about a traumatic or stressful event, beyond ordinary forgetting. It sometimes includes dissociative fugue, unplanned travel with loss of identity.
What characterizes anorexia nervosa?	Restricting food intake to keep a significantly low body weight, with an intense fear of weight gain and a distorted body image.
What characterizes bulimia nervosa?	Repeated episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behavior such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting or excessive exercise.
What are the three clusters of personality disorders?	Cluster A (odd or eccentric, e.g., paranoid), Cluster B (dramatic or erratic, e.g., antisocial, borderline) and Cluster C (anxious or fearful, e.g., avoidant).
What characterizes antisocial personality disorder?	A persistent pattern of disregarding and violating others' rights, often with little remorse. It is diagnosed only in adults aged 18 or older.
What characterizes borderline personality disorder?	Instability in relationships, self-image and mood, with marked impulsivity and an intense fear of abandonment.