What does drive-reduction theory propose?	A physiological need creates a state of tension (a drive) that motivates behavior to reduce the need and restore homeostasis.
What does arousal theory propose?	People are motivated to keep an optimal level of arousal, which can mean seeking stimulation rather than reducing it.
What does the Yerkes-Dodson law state?	Performance improves with arousal only up to a point. Moderate arousal is best, and difficult tasks are best performed at lower arousal than easy ones.
How does intrinsic motivation differ from extrinsic motivation?	Intrinsic motivation is doing something for its own sake. Extrinsic motivation is doing it to gain a reward or avoid a punishment.
What does incentive theory propose?	Behavior is pulled by external rewards (incentives) rather than pushed by internal drives.
What three needs does self-determination theory identify?	Competence, autonomy and relatedness (Deci and Ryan).
What is the order of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, from the base up?	Physiological, safety, belongingness and love, esteem, and self-actualization.
What is an approach-avoidance conflict?	Being both attracted to and repelled by the same goal (e.g., wanting a well-paid job in a city you dislike).
What does the James-Lange theory of emotion propose?	We feel emotion because we notice our body's physiological response, so we feel afraid because our heart is pounding.
What does the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion propose?	Physiological arousal and the conscious experience of emotion happen at the same time and independently.
What does the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory propose?	Emotion requires two ingredients: physiological arousal and a cognitive label that explains it.
What is the facial-feedback hypothesis?	Facial expressions can trigger or strengthen the emotions they express (e.g., smiling can make you feel happier).
What did Paul Ekman's research suggest about facial expressions?	That several basic emotions, such as happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise and disgust, are expressed and recognized in similar ways across cultures.
What are display rules?	Cultural norms about when, where and how strongly emotions should be shown.
What role does the ego play in Freud's theory of personality?	It works on the reality principle, balancing the id's impulses, the superego's moral demands and the limits of reality.
What is repression?	The basic defense mechanism in Freud's theory, which pushes anxiety-provoking thoughts, feelings and memories out of conscious awareness.
What is projection?	A defense mechanism in which people attribute their own unacceptable feelings or impulses to others.
What is reaction formation?	A defense mechanism in which a person expresses the opposite of an unacceptable feeling (e.g., acting especially warm toward someone they resent).
What do projective tests such as the Rorschach and the TAT try to reveal?	Unconscious motives and conflicts, by asking people to interpret ambiguous images. Their reliability and validity are widely questioned.
What is unconditional positive regard?	Carl Rogers's term for an attitude of complete acceptance toward a person, regardless of what they do, which he saw as essential for healthy growth.
What is reciprocal determinism?	Albert Bandura's idea that behavior, personal factors (such as thoughts) and the environment all influence one another.
What is self-efficacy?	A person's belief in their ability to succeed at a particular task (Bandura).
How does an internal locus of control differ from an external one?	An internal locus of control is the belief that you shape your own outcomes. An external locus is the belief that luck or outside forces decide them (Julian Rotter).
What are the Big Five personality traits?	Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism (emotional stability), remembered as OCEAN.
What is the MMPI?	The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the most widely researched and used self-report personality inventory, originally developed to identify psychological disorders.