What are the three basic processes of memory?	Encoding (getting information in), storage (keeping it) and retrieval (getting it back out).
What does the Atkinson-Shiffrin model propose?	Information passes through three stages: sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory.
What is working memory in Baddeley's model?	An active workspace that replaces the idea of passive short-term memory, made up of a central executive, a phonological loop and a visuospatial sketchpad (plus an episodic buffer).
How does explicit memory differ from implicit memory?	Explicit (declarative) memories are facts and experiences you consciously recall. Implicit (nondeclarative) memories are retained without conscious recall, such as skills and conditioned responses.
How does episodic memory differ from semantic memory?	Episodic memory stores events you personally experienced. Semantic memory stores general facts and knowledge.
What is procedural memory?	Implicit memory for skills and how to do things, such as riding a bike or typing.
How does automatic processing differ from effortful processing?	Automatic processing encodes information such as time, place and frequency with little effort. Effortful processing needs attention and deliberate work, like studying vocabulary.
What does the levels-of-processing model propose?	Processing information deeply, for meaning, produces longer-lasting memories than shallow processing of how it looks or sounds (Craik and Lockhart).
What is the self-reference effect?	Information you relate to yourself is processed more deeply and remembered better.
What is chunking?	Grouping items into familiar, meaningful units so more fits in short-term memory (e.g., remembering a phone number as three groups).
What did George Miller propose about short-term memory capacity?	That it holds about seven items, plus or minus two.
What is iconic memory?	A fleeting sensory memory of a visual scene that lasts less than a second.
What is long-term potentiation?	A lasting increase in a synapse's firing efficiency after repeated stimulation, believed to be a neural basis of learning and memory.
What is the spacing effect?	Distributed practice, spreading study sessions out over time, produces better long-term retention than massed practice (cramming).
What is the serial position effect?	The tendency to recall the first items (primacy effect) and the last items (recency effect) of a list better than those in the middle.
How does recall differ from recognition?	Recall means retrieving information that is not in view, as on a short-answer test. Recognition means identifying previously learned information, as on a multiple-choice test.
What is context-dependent memory?	Retrieval is easier in the same environment where the information was encoded.
What is state-dependent memory?	Retrieval is easier when you are in the same internal state, such as the same mood or level of alertness, as when you encoded the information.
What is the testing effect?	Memory is stronger after retrieving information, for example by self-quizzing, than after rereading it. It is also called retrieval practice.
What did Hermann Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve show?	Most forgetting of new information happens soon after learning, and then the rate of forgetting levels off.
What is proactive interference?	Old information disrupting the recall of new information (e.g., your old locker combination getting in the way of your new one).
What is retroactive interference?	New information disrupting the recall of old information (e.g., learning Spanish vocabulary making French words harder to recall).
How does anterograde amnesia differ from retrograde amnesia?	Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories after an injury. Retrograde amnesia is the inability to retrieve memories from before it.
What did Elizabeth Loftus's misinformation studies show?	Misleading information given after an event can distort memory of it. Witnesses asked how fast cars smashed into each other estimated higher speeds than those asked how fast they hit.
What is source amnesia?	Remembering information but forgetting or misattributing where you learned it, one cause of false memories.